Criminal law courts in the UK - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 468 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? Criminal offences are categorised into three classes in accordance with their gravity: summary offences (common assault, soliciting and failure to pay a TV license), offences triable only on indictment (murder, manslaughter and causing death by dangerous driving) and offences which are triable either way (inflicting grievous bodily harm, unlawful wounding and indecent assault). This procedure is governed by the Magistrates’ Courts Act, 1980 as amended by the Criminal Procedures and Investigations Act, 1996 and further amended by the Criminal Justice Act, 2003. The amendments to the original statute were intended to reduce the workload of the Crown Court, so the defendant is asked prior to the mode of trial decision being made, to indicate his or her plea. Mode of trial will be heard once bail has either been allowed or denied. The criminal courts in England and Wales are the Magistrates’ court and the Crown Court. Those offences considered least s erious are those classified as summary offences and these are triable solely in the Magistrates’ courts. But those offences considered to be the most serious can only be tried in the Crown Court. A large number of offences such as theft are triable either way and so can be heard in either the Magistrates’ court r the Crown Court. This depends on the defendant’s plea and whether or not the magistrates’ believe that it is within their jurisdiction to pass sentence on such an offence. If the defendant pleads guilty to an offence which is traible either way then the magistrates’ can proceed to sentence (or commit to the Crown Court for sentencing). If the defendant enters a not guilty plea to a triable either way offence then the mode of trial will be held before the magistrates’. At this point the magistrates’ may decide after having heard representations by the prosecution that the matter is too serous to be heard at the Magistrates court and that the matter will be committed to the Crown court for trial. If the magistrates’ do not deicide to commit the matter to the Crown Court, the defendant still has the right to opt that the matter be heard in the Crown Court by way of trial by jury. In practice the majority of triable either way offences are heard in the Magistrates’ court as neither the magistrates nor the defendant will decide that the matter ought to be heard in the Crown Court. Failure to comply with this procedure may render the whole proceedings null and void and this may mean that defendant will able to apply for judicial review to quash any consequential conviction. A change to the mode of trial whether from being heard summarily to being heard on indictment or vice versa will only be allowed with the magistrates’ consent under s. 25 MCA, 1980 and subject to amendments by CJA, 2003. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Criminal law courts in the UK" essay for you Create order

Should Undocumented Immigrants Be Legal - 1744 Words

cultures, has a profound effect to level of stress an immigrant experiences in their new surroundings. These pressures become more and more apparent as an immigrant rises through the educational system. The 1982 Supreme Court decision in Plyler v. Doe guaranteed access to free public education for undocumented students. (Nguyen Martinez, 2015) The public debate that surrounds undocumented immigrants is often harsh and aggressive, predominately focusing on the economic burden on U.S. citizens and taxpayers. Economic arguments against undocumented immigration claim that undocumented families drain public resources and do not contribute to society. While there are costs associated with providing resources for a growing population at the local and state level, undocumented immigrants contribute more money in taxes than the cost of providing these services at the federal level as reported by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office in 2007. (Becerra et al., 2012) The costs associated with providing education, health care, and social service programs such as reduced school lunch and other anti-poverty programs like SNAP and WIC account for only a small portion of a states budget. Providing education for undocumented immigrant children only constitutes for 3.3% of the total cost, $520-535 billion, spent annually to educate all children in the U.S. (Becerra et al., 2012) Every year about 65,000 undocumented high school students graduate and are unable to pursue higherShow MoreRelatedUndocumented Immigrants Should Be Legal Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States, some immigrants come for educational opportunities, but most of them overstay, and their visas got expired, so they became â€Å"undocumented immigrants.† Being an undocumented highly affects them financially especially in higher education. For them to pursue a college education they have to deal with a lot of problems such as lower college acceptance rates, and lack of work opportunities and for that, it’s difficult for them to pay for college. Undocumented immigrants should be able to receiveRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Be Legal949 Words   |  4 Pageswhether undocumented immigrants should be able to get full amnesty is still a controversy. Even though illegal immigrants did make an illicit action, many see the United States as an opportunity for a better fu ture. In addition, undocumented immigrants should be granted citizenship because it will benefit the United States. Creating an amnesty for the students will help the United States by improving the economy, create more jobs and decrease deportation. Granting citizenship to illegal immigrants willRead MoreShould Undocumented Immigrants Be Deported?1196 Words   |  5 PagesShould millions of undocumented immigrants be allowed to live in the U.S without the fear of being deported and losing their families? Undocumented immigrants who move to the U.S to help give a better life to their families should not worry about being deported. Undocumented immigrants risk their lives crossing boarders, just to give their families a better life. Not all undocumented are rapists, drug traffickers or any of the other things Donald Trump has said about the undocumented immigrant.Read MoreThe Issue Of Illegal Immigration1519 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of illegal immigration. Unfortunately, some people confuse legal and illegal immigration. Legal immigrants are here legally. They have the proper, legal documents that allow them to live and work in the U.S. without complications. Illegal immigrants are defined as anyone who was born in a country other than the U.S. to parents who are not official U.S. citizens; they enter the U.S. without legal documents to prove their legal citizenship. Yet before the twentieth century, many individuals andRead MoreThe American Immigration System is Broken Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagessociety, immigration reform is enjoying an increasingly high voice among people. American immigration system is broken. Too many employers take advantage of the system by hiring undocumented workers which currently are estimated at 11 million. This is not good for the economy nor the country. Imaging a day without these undocumented workers in United States. No bus driver, farm worker, cooker, nurse, construction worker, waiter, house keeper, gardener or nanny can be found. Nobody drive bus, pick fruitRead MoreEssay on Dream Act for Dreamers1237 Words   |  5 Pagesto achieve their dreams. Some immigrants have real documents enter into the United States but some do not. Those people who do not have real documents are called illegal immigrants. Most of them made across the border enter into the United States. No matter what they are legal or illegal, all of them are here looking for a good life. Many different people from different countries come to the United States because America is a land of immigrants. Legal immigrants are properly becoming the UnitedRead MoreThe Benefits of Immigrants in the United States Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States has experienced a large number of immigrants coming over to the country within the 2000s. In recent studies, there are about 11.5 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. The undocumented immigrant population has grown 27% between 2000 to 2009. Immigrants from Mexico make up 59% of the undocumented immigrants in the United States. These undocumented immigrants can help the economy and country grow. These undocumented immigrants do have some downside to them, which makes peopleRead MorePersuasive Essay On Immigrat ion Reform1636 Words   |  7 Pagesimmigration reform in favor of undocumented 11 million immigrants in the USA, as well as a road map for their legal citizenship. It has also been suggested that a sub citizenship could be an option instead of providing full citizenship for the 11 million undocumented immigrants. The debate on the immigration reform has many dimensions which are important legally, morally, socially, culturally, and politically. Giving full citizenship or denying legal status to the undocumented could have implicationsRead MoreConsidering Children Of Illegal Immigrants by Frosty Woolridge ´s Article1062 Words   |  5 PagesIn one of her editorials, Frosty Wooldridge has written about how undocumented immigrants cost taxpayers colossal sum of money annually. Wooldridge holds that these undocumented immigrants give rise to offspring who become deeply bounded or rooted to this country and they in turn cost taxpayers a huge sum of money annually. Wooldridge’s editorial is one of the controversial discussions both at the congress level and the country at large. This argument is one of those that thwart or impede the implementationRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Exploited During The Workplace1675 Words   |  7 Pages2017 Research Paper: Illegal Immigrants Exploited In The Workplace In the United States, the number of illegal immigrants has stayed steady, landing at 11.3 million. (Blanco, 3). About 8 million of the undocumented immigrants are holding a job, making up 10% of the workforce in the U.S. Most of them look for jobs that do not require validation of citizenship and pay under the table; however, most of them also do not understand the dangers of being an illegal immigrant in the workplace. (fig. 1).

Size Distribution of a Coarse-Grained Soil-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Required to determine the particle size distribution of a coarse-grained soil (Soil 1) by carrying out a sieve analysis and a sedimentation test (hydrometer analysis). The results obtain from these tests are then used to classify Soil 1 according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this experiment was to find the particle size distribution for a coarse-grained soil. The main experiment which was carried out to determine this was sieve analysis and sedimentation test (hydrometer analysis). The results achieved were later used to categorize the soil which was done according to the UCSC category. Procedure There were two experiments whereby the first the one was for particle size determination. The following procedure was done Soil sample of about 200 gm was first weighed The arrangement of the sieves was done in descending order of their aperture that is the 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600um, 300um, 150um and 75um. The soil sample was then sieved and masses retained on each sieve was weighed and recorded. The finer sample was used for the sedimentation test. The following procedure was carried out. In this experiment, a hydrometer scale which measures the quantity in g/l was used. In this experiment the cylinder was filled with distilled water. Then the hydrometer was inserted and the correction meniscus reading Cm was recorded. Also, the water temperature was measured. Then the milk shake container was used whereby 20g of fine grained soil was added then distilled water was added to full and recorded as Mo. the mixture was shaken for about two minutes using a milk shaker. Then the content in the milk shaker was poured into a 1000ml cylinder. Any fine remains in the milk shaker were washed with distilled water. Then the water was added to craft the mixture 1000 ml. A stopper was placed on top of the cylinder and then the cylinder was turned upside down for about 5 times. After shaking the content, it was placed on a table and the hydrometer was used to take the readings at different intervals. The readings were taken at 30sec, 1min, 2min, and 4 minutes. The hydrometer was taken out after the 4 minute reading and washed with distilled water. It was then used to take a final reading at 8 min. Results Data sheet 1: Sieve Analysis AS Sieve Sieve+sample g (2) Mass retained g (2)-(1) Cumulative mass retained, g % cumulative mass retained % Mass passing Size, mm Weight, g (1) 4.750 427.03 427.06 0.03 0.03 0.014 99.986 2.360 474.65 487.45 12.8 12.83 6.69 93.41 1.180 383.40 419.18 35.18 48.61 23.18 76.82 0.600 347.66 390.86 43.2 91.81 43.78 56.22 0.300 343.40 399.17 55.77 147.58 70.36 29.64 0.150 305.72 318.34 12.62 160.2 76.38 23.62 0.075 290.22 293.93 3.71 163.81 78.15 21.85 Pan 265.70 300.84 35.14 199.05 94.90 5.10 Datasheet 3: Hydrometer Test The following was sample description achieved. The mass in the suspension, Mo (g) = 21.6 The specific unit weight of the soil Gs = 2.65 Normal temperature = 26oC Recorded Time (min) t Recorded Hydrometer reading (g/l) Rh Meniscus corrected hydrometer reading (g/l) Rh Temperature (oC) Corrected hydrometer reading Rc F1 F2 F3 0.5 15 15 25.3 3.80 14.14 1 14.5 14.5 25.3 2.82 10.00 2 12 12 25.3 3.88 7.07 4 11 11 25.3 3.90 5.00 8 10 10 25.3 3.92 3.54 Conclusion From the experiment, its clear that the soil is well graded. The soil has all categories of the soil in terms of size grading. This can be seen because all the sieves have retained some amount of the sample soil. Therefore through the experiment, the classification of the soil sample in terms of the sizes is done.

Analytical Challenges Emerging Public Health Surveillance

Question: Discuss about the Analytical Challenges for Emerging Public Health Surveillance. Answer: Introduction: The first challenges faced in implementing surveillance system was that it needs to collect data from electronic health information system from hospital, however supporting such interface in different hospital is difficult due to different data standards and unwillingness of staffs to manage such system. To address this problem, I will take steps to facilitate standard format for data storage and transmission. Giving the hospitals IT staff universal data processing standard will help in better integration of the system. It will facilitate better transmission of health information and detection of disease outbreak in clinical setting (Fricker, 2013). Second challenges faced in implementing surveillance system involve privacy and security issues. As the head of epidemiology section, I will ensure that the health information system is so designed that patients privacy is protected. Surveillance system relies on employing statistical data of patients to inspect changes in pre-diagnostic information and predict outbreak of a disease. To address this issue, it will be necessary to take approval from each patient and impose strict security policy to protect patients privacy and confidentiality. The information related to patient pre-diagnostic data should not disclose patients identity and even when it is disclosed, patients permission must be taken to protect privacy and confidentiality issues (Ozok et al., 2014). Another challenge related to getting funds for surveillance system can be addressed through strategies like ensuring financial sustainability of the system to convince investors and get better funding for implementing the system in the hospital. To facilitate dissemination of data, it will be necessary to impose security regulations and use effective software that can secure data as well as the surveillance system. Priority will be given on getting adequate resource to implement the system to facilitate funding and a cooperative agreement will help to attract funding agency (Public Health Surveillance Data: Legal, Policy, Ethical, Regulatory, and Practical Issues, 2016). Having adequate IT staffs and tools is necessary to appropriately analyze the data and identify true problem relating to disease outbreak instead of overreacting on small issues. Steps will be taken to recruit those staffs who have experience in managing syndromic disease surveillance by utilizing real time data from surveillance system. High level technical staffs are needed who have knowledge in epidemiology and public health analytic data management to enable management of complex statistical reports (Analytical Challenges for Emerging Public Health Surveillance, 2016). To effectively implement syndromic surveillance system and redirect IT resource of the hospital to identify bioterrorism issues and infectious disease outbreak in particular population, it is necessary to have the support of public health agency. As the CEO of the hospital, I would like better communication between public health agencies to redirect hospital resource according the requirement of resource for integrating syndromic surveillance system. This will help in analyzing the main infrastructural change required to introduce appropriate IT resource in the hospital (Grol et al., 2013). As public health agency plays a key role in detecting and responding to health emergencies, their support will be important to identify the relevant IT resource needed at the hospital. The collaboration with the public health agency with regard to the preparedness of the hospital for implementing surveillance system can help in bringing appropriate IT resource for the hospital. The main IT resource required for the system includes adequate software, user interface, automatic or manual data acquisition process and appropriate web based device to handle complex pre-diagnostic data of patients (Kellermann Jones, 2013). If the data acquisition process is manual, then no new infrastructure is needed, however for automated data acquisition process, an effective error free user interface is needed which health staffs can easily manage. The public health agency and hospital will also need to recruit IT leaders or skilled IT professional who can effectively identify relevant change needed in existing IT resource according to syndrome surveillance system. Introduction of web-based devices can also be useful to ease data entry of accurate patient information and rate of infection. Creating link public health Agency will help in getting support to bring this change and enable specific identification of patient with conflicting condition and infection cases (Tambo et al., 2014). In the field of epidemiology and for the purpose of biodefense, adequate support of public health agency is crucial to response to outbreak. As the CEO of the hospital, my role will to provide adequate reasons to public health agency regarding how redirecting resource can have impact on public health emergencies. Reference Analytical Challenges for Emerging Public Health Surveillance. (2016).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 23 November 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6103a8.htm Fricker, R. D. (2013).Introduction to statistical methods for biosurveillance: with an emphasis on syndromic surveillance. Cambridge University Press. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013).Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Kellermann, A. L., Jones, S. S. (2013). What it will take to achieve the as-yet-unfulfilled promises of health information technology.Health Affairs,32(1), 63-68. Ozok, A. A., Wu, H., Garrido, M., Pronovost, P. J., Gurses, A. P. (2014). Usability and perceived usefulness of personal health records for preventive health care: A case study focusing on patients' and primary care providers' perspectives.Applied ergonomics,45(3), 613-628. Posid, J. M., Bruce, S. M., Guarnizo, J. T., O'Connor Jr, R. C., Papagiotas, S. S., Taylor, M. L. (2013). Public health emergencies and responses: what are they, how long do they last, and how many staff does your agency need?.Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science,11(4), 271-279. Public Health Surveillance Data: Legal, Policy, Ethical, Regulatory, and Practical Issues. (2016).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 23 November 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6103a7.htm Tambo, E., Ai, L., Zhou, X., Chen, J. H., Hu, W., Bergquist, R., ... Zhou, X. N. (2014). Surveillance-response systems: the key to elimination of tropical diseases.Infectious diseases of poverty,3(1), 1.