Ap Global Midterm Review

Global Midterm review * Changes to map of Europe after WWI/WWII- new countries formed After WWI Only two completely new countries in Europe were formed after WW1 – Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. Poland, which had been wiped off the map in 1795, was revived. The Baltic republics – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania asserted their independence. Romania doubled in size. After WWII To a great extent, no new countries were formed after World War II. Most of these changes occurred in the East.Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, only just winning independence after WWI were erased as independent states and became part of the Soviet Union. Poland's borders were moved eastward to include only the â€Å"corridor† from before the war but also parts of East Prussia, Pomerania, and Silesia, though they also lost the eastern parts of their country to the Soviet Union. Austria and Czechoslovakia, states created by the end of WWI but annexed to Nazi Germany in the 1930s reappeared, thoug h Czechoslovakia was firmly under Soviet domination and the Austrians were forced to remain neutral during the growing Cold War.In Europe the only country divided was Germany. * Conservatism in western politics Conservatives, such as Austria’s Prince Klemens von Metternich, were bent on maintaining the sanctity of traditional political institutions, particularly the monarchy. It was also their goal to maintain a balance of power in Europe in order to ensure a permanent peace. * Welfare state Welfare State and Consumer Society A. The motives for the welfare state 1. protection against depression and political extremism 2. the argument for social justice B.Features of the welfare state 1. support ‘from cradle to grave’ 2. educational and cultural opportunities C. The growth of consumer society 1. a new standard of living 2. materialism and hedonism 3. the end of public life? * Nuclear umbrella Nuclear umbrella refers to a guarantee by a nuclear weapons state to def end a non-nuclear allied state. * Germany after World War II At the end of the war, Germany was basically divided into 4 sections, each one under the control of one of the Allied powers; The United States, England, France, and Russia.Berlin was divided as well. After a period of rebuilding and reorganization, the sections under the control of the United States, England, and France were returned to the control of the German government. Russia retained control over its section and brought it under the fold of the newly formed USSR. This resulted in the Berlin Wall, and the separate countries of East Germany and West Germany. Following the fall of communism and the breakup of the USSR in the 1980's, Germany reunified. * Marshall plan Proposed to rebuild the continent in the interest of political stability and a healthy world economy * viewed as a vehicle for American economic dominance * Iron Curtain * a term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the boundary that separated the Warsa w Pact countries from the NATO countries from about 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991 * was both a physical and an ideological division that represented the way Europe was viewed after World War II * Soviet control over Eastern Europe Between 1945 and 1949 Stalin created a Russian empire in Eastern Europe.This empire included Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. Each had a Communist government. In the West they were called satellites because they clung closely to the Soviet Union like satellites round a planet. Stalin was able to create this empire for a number of reasons. The first was the military might of the Soviet Union in Europe after 1945. Another reason for the spread of Communism after the war was the gratitude of many Eastern Europeans for their liberation from Nazism.This, and the often-appalling conditions at the end of the war, played into the hands of east European communist parties, which were, of course, backed by Stalin and t he Soviet Union. * Decolonization after World War II After WWII Europe tried to reassert its colonial dominance over Africa and the Far East. At the same time national movements grew strong in those colonies. Europe soon realized that they would be unable to physically control the colonies without massive military occupation forces.This was impossible both in economic and political terms. As a result the colonial powers began a staged withdrawal of physical control but maintained economic ties. While these new countries were ‘independent' their formal colonial masters still had much control over the country. * Impact of World War II on international trade The conclusion of World War II spurred efforts to correct the problems stemming from protectionism, which had increased since 1871, and trade restrictions, which had been imposed between World Wars I and II.The resulting multilateral trade agreements and other forms of international economic cooperation led to the General Agr eement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and laid the foundation for the World Trade Organization (WTO). * Impact of World War II on civilian population -One of the most distressing impacts that war has on civilians is the frequent removal of their basic human rights -Huge civilian casualties on front line and bombing attacks -gave people the physiological hope to become as powerful as Hitler did * Consequences of industrialization in the 1800s Mass migration of people from the land to the cities. -Massive building of below standard accommodation, built cheaply, to accommodate them -Massive increase in childhood mortality due to injuries at work, cruelty, the spread of disease, rat population increase, alcohol use and casual neglect of children due to both parents working. -Expansion of the coal industry to include women and children working down the mines. -Exploitation of cheap child labor -Poor diet due to low wages and the collapse of the agricultural economy due to lack of laborers - Slavery in the UK to plug the gaps of missing workers War with France had been ongoing from the late 18th century and was a massive drain on the economy. -The start of the National Debt to pay for the war and the introduction of taxes on booze, tobacco etc. -Explosion in smuggling to counteract the tax increases. * NATO/Warsaw Pact NATO- North Atlantic Trade Organization -led by US; maintain adequate military strength and political unity to deter aggression and other forms of military or political pressure; aimed at a relaxation of tensions between East and West – a policy based to a large extent on general military strength.Warsaw Pact -led by USSR; a military treaty, which bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign aggression. * Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 by the four European powers, which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe, w hich would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic Empire,  and maintain the peace between the great powers.The second goal was to prevent political revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and maintain the status quo. * Political ideologies: Conservatives Liberals socialist radicals Conservatism * a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions Liberalism * a political ideology, a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with limited government under the rule of law and generally promotes a laissez-faire economic policy Socialism an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy Radicalism * sought republicanism, abolition of titles, redistribution of property and freedom of the press * Demographic transition after industrialization * dramatic changes in population growth and life expectancy driven by changes in the underlying factors that explain them: fertility increased and mortality decreased * Karl Marx – father of socialism and communism Marx's ideas were that of pure equality.He wanted a world where everyone was equal. His theories, while impractical because of the nature of man, were truly â€Å"good†. His ultimate goal was to eradicate poverty. * Opium war – example of resistance to imperialism * Motives For Imperialism 1. ) Economic – motives included the desire to make money, to expand and control foreign trade, to create new markets for products, to acquire raw materials and cheap labor, to compete for investments and resources, and to export industrial technology and transportation methods. . ) Political- motives were based on a nation's desire to gain power, to compete with other European countries, to expand territory, to exercise military force, to gain prestige by winning colonies, and to boost national pride and security. 3. ) Religious- motives included the desire to spread Christianity, to protect European missionaries in other lands, to spread European values and moral beliefs, to educate peoples of other cultures, and to end slave trade in Africa. 4. Exploratory- motives were based on the desire to explore unknown or uncharted territory, to conduct scientific research, to conduct medical searches for the causes and treatment of diseases, to go on an adventure, and to investigate unknown lands and cultures. * Impact of imperialism/colonization * large numbers of people were forced into slavery or the system of indentured laborers, and vast areas of natural habitats were cleared and converted to monocultural plantations. * the export of Western values – resource exploitation, consumerism and materialism to the colonies

The Significance of the Title to the Novel the Pearl

The significance of the title to the novel ‘The Pearl’. The novel ‘The Pearl’ by John Steinbeck is such a novel that really interest me as a reader. What is really appropriate is the title itself which incorporate ‘the pearl’, the essence of the story. The pearl is very significant to the title because without ‘the pearl of the world’, the story just would not exist. The novel could not stand by itself if the pearl is not found. We can also see that any story would not be interesting without conflicts.The pearl has created conflicts among the characters in the novel. Thus, it can be said that it is the pearl that moves the story. The characters are nothing without the pearl. The pearl is the beginning and the end of the novel. As readers, we can see that the pearl appears as something significant when Kino found it. The finding of the pearl is described vividly in the story. Its colour and shape are shown by the writer graphically. The response from Kino who clinched his fist triumphantly and his friends who come in drove show the importance of the pearl.We realized that the story revolves around the pearl. This continues till the end of the story. The disappearance of the pearl when it was thrown by Kino marks the end of the story. Therefore, the pearl is a single entity which is very important to the novel. The pearl is crucial as the title as it differentiate between good and evil and between the poor and the wealthy. It becomes a priceless commodity that turns the character into who they are. Those who wish to be evil use the pearl for evil purposes whereas the good just need it for their normal life.Thus the pearl is very significant to both parties, and to the title of the novel. A novel energy lies in the existence of powerful characters and plot. Although the pearl is not a character, its involvement in nearly all the important happenings is a statement that it is the energy that drives the story forwa rd. Those who touch it become obsess with it and those who haven’t are willing to do anything to get it. Kino becomes obsessed with the pearl promises and the doctor is willing to sacrifice his professional etiquette to obtain the pearl.It seems that the energy of the pearl is uncontrollable. This makes ‘The Pearl’ a remarkable tale that interest readers. A story needs a suitable setting which suit the period. The pearl is a perfect instrument that suits a story that takes place in La Paz, an important pearl producer in American Continent. We can imagine that if the pearl is replaced with other thing, the novel would become dull and the story becomes irrelevant. It is an important tool that require by many people in La Paz, including the natives and the wealthy immigrants.Kino himself said that the pearl is his soul. The pearl that drives the economy of La Paz is also the one that drives the plot of ‘The Pearl’. The points above have shown that the t itle of the novel ‘The Pearl’ which uses the pearl of the world as its main ingredient is rightly chosen. The title ‘The Pearl’ perfectly suits the story plot. It also provides the right ingredient for conflicts and a foundation for a never ending quests for a good life.

Ecological Interaction Of Humans And Reptiles Environmental Sciences Essay

Ecological interaction is the relation between species that live together in a community ; specifically, the consequence an person of one species may exercise on an person of another species. Reptiles and amphibious vehicles seems non to play a really important function in the sustainability of human life on Earth but deeper research into the functions of these beings indicates that they are of importance. There are assorted ecological menaces which can impact reptilians. Habitat loss and devastation is a major ecological issue impacting reptilian species. Habitat loss is widely recognized as the taking menace to planetary biodiversity. While hard to specifically categorise, habitat loss take topographic points on an overlapping scope from small-scale to large-scale and from absolute devastation to subtle debasement. There are many factors which contribute to this phenomena. Activities such as excavation, logging, switching cultivation and glade of secret plans of land can present menace to the natural home grounds of many herpes. This promotes migration of species from one country to another therefore cut downing the diverseness of the country. Climate alteration is another deduction which can act upon the lives of herpes and reptilians. Climate alteration responses will be influenced by a figure of factors: ( 1 ) expected alterations and incompatibility in local environmental and habitat conditions ; ( 2 ) the phenology ( clocking ) of life-requisite activities ; ( 3 ) interactions with emerging pathogens and invasive species ; and ( 4 ) interactions with other environmental stressors ( e.g. , chemicals ) . Over the short term ( e.g. , yearly ) , the interaction of these factors will find generative success rates and endurance to metabolism. Over the long term, the regularity and extent of utmost temperature and precipitation events will probably act upon the continuity of local populations, distribution capablenesss and therefore the construction of meta-populations on the landscape. Alternation in air and H2O temperature, precipitation, and the hydro period ( Carey and Alexander 2003 ) tends to impact amphibious and reptilian species since they are extremely sensitive to and react strongly to these alterations. This is due to them being poikilotherms ; their organic structure temperature depends on most favourable environmental status. Amphibians require aquatic and damp home ground for puting egg and larval development and station metamorphous life phases severally. Amphibians are more likely to see lower endurance rate to metabolism as the temperature warms and variableness of H2O proceed. Speciess related with passing Waterss, such as low pools and jumping watercourses may be preponderantly susceptible to altered precipitation forms. Temperatures outside of their thermic optima will besides do physiological emphasiss. Some reptile species exhibit temperature-dependent sex finding during egg incubation that could be influenced by alterations and variableness in planetary climate.Because of their affinities to aquatic home grounds and their little size, amphibious vehicles typically have comparatively little place scopes and low dispersion rates. Reptiles are more nomadic and have a greater ability to defy the expected drier and warmer conditions. However, because cardinal home grounds and species scopes have already been altered and fragmented by human usage and development, the physical tracts to link animate beings with suited home grounds ( e.g. , upwards in latitude or lift ) may non be. Direct ecological interactions between herpes includes: niche differenciation ( resource breakdown ) , predation and competition. Niche differenciationrefers to the procedure by which natural choice thrusts viing species into different forms of resource usage or different niches. This causes one coinage to partition resource with another so that one does non wholly out compete the other, accordingly coexistence is achieved through the distinction of their realized ecological niches. Niche partitioning may non happen if there is sufficient geographic and ecological infinite for beings to spread out into. A typical illustration of resource breakdown is shown by the Anolis lizards in the tropical rain forest. Although they portion common nutrient demands – chiefly insect, they evade competition by shacking in different parts of the rain forest. Some live on the foliage litter floor while others live on fly-by-night subdivisions, thereby avoiding competition over nutrient in those subdivisions of the forest. Resourse breakdown is a type of niche distinction. Resource partitioning occurs when biological species require different parts of the same resource.Human interactions with amphibious populations.Human existences have impacted about on every life animal on Earth both straight and indirectly. Worlds have interacted with amphibious vehicles since antiquity. Some of these exchanges are direct and easy understood while other connexions are more hard to spot. Human activity has caused the disappearing of many carnal species, the deceases and diseases of others and as a consequence, pose major a menace to the Earth ‘s biodiversity. Due to human interactions, many at that place has been dramatic diminutions in amphibious populations, including population clangs and mass localised extinctions, have been noted since the 1980s from locations all over the universe. These diminutions are perceived as one of the most critical menaces to planetary biodiversity, and several causes are believed to be involved, including, over exploiataion, pollution and chemical usage, habitat devastation and alteration, clime alteration, and increased ultraviolet-B radiation ( UV-B ) . Human interactions can be direct and indirect. Direct interactions with amphibious vehicles: this involves straight taking species of amphibious vehicles which includes toads, frogs, salamanders, triton and utilizing them for commercial and economic intents. One direct human interaction is over development. As with many other resources that worlds consume and over exploit, Amphibious species are no exclusion. Frogs are commercially of import for their nutrient value. The legs of some Rana catesbeiana species are in heavy demand in China, Europe ( particularly France ) and in parts of the United States, particularly Louisiana. The worldwide crop is an estimated 200 million Rana catesbeianas ( about 10,000 metric dozenss ) yearly. Major Rana catesbeiana providers include Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, and Japan, with about 80 million collected each twelvemonth from rice Fieldss in Bangladesh entirely. As a consequence, populations have fallen drastically from inordinate development ( Economic and Ecologic Importance of Amphibians: Investigating the Connections Between Amphibians and Humans ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.suite101.com/content/amphibianhuman-interactions-a179036 # ixzz15aCfnKk6 ) In add-on, many amphibious species are removed from the natural state to be used as pets, and to provide biological markets. This development of species has besides lead to mass diminution of amphibious populations. Indirect human interactions: these include all the activities that human existences do to change the environment, which intern affects all carnal populations and planetary biodiversity. The current planetary loss of species is a procedure generated by the activities of worlds. As we modify our environment for our ain terminals, it is clear that the devastation of the home grounds of other species leads straight to their disappearing. Indirect human interactions, that has lead to mass diminution includes: Water quality factors ( chiefly caused by pollution and chemical usage ) : Many H2O ways are polluted by human activities particularly agricultural and industrial activities. These pollutants contaminate the H2O ways that many amphibious vehicles use as home grounds and since amphibious vehicles have permeable, open tegument and eggs that may readily absorb toxic substances from the environment. Their eggs are laid in H2O or in damp countries, and their larvae ( polliwogs ) are aquatic. Because amphibious vehicles are closely tied to an aquatic environment, the quality of the H2O in which they live can impact their growing, development, and endurance. Because pollutants, waterborne pathogens, and planetary environmental alterations can all affect H2O quality, these factors can in bend affect amphibious vehicles. Conversely, amphibious vehicles are of import indexs of H2O quality, and are considered a lookout species, intending that what affects amphibious vehicles soon may impact other carnal species in the hereafter. Acidification. A figure of surveies have shown that acidification of fresh H2O ( that is, a decrease in pH to acidic degrees ) via acid rain, acid snowmelt, or other manners of pollution are harmful to amphibious growing and development. Some species are more tolerant of acid conditions than others. Therefore, depending on the species, the sum of sourness, and other environmental variables, amphibious vehicles may see developmental malformations and increased mortality due to acidification. Acidification potentially affects amphibious populations and the communities in which amphibious vehicles live. For illustration, some populations of frogs in Britain have likely been reduced by H2O acidification. Salamander populations in Colorado seem to hold declined because of increased acidification during snowmelt. Several surveies have shown that acidification of the H2O can impact competition and predation between amphibious vehicles. Therefore, the larvae of some frog species may hold increased survival rates under acerb conditions because their salamander marauders show reduced predation at low pH. Nitrates and Nitrites. Many chemical merchandises used in agribusiness and industry pollute aquatic home grounds, doing potentially terrible harm to ecosystems. For illustration, the addition in concentration of nitrate in surface H2O on agricultural land due to legion beginnings may be risky to many species of fish, Toxic Substances. Merely as amphibious species display fluctuation in sensitiveness to nitrate-related compounds, they besides show fluctuation in tolerance to other toxic substances that may be found in H2O. Insecticides such as organophosphates, carbonates, and man-made pyrethroids, which are used chiefly in harvest production, have a broad array of effects on amphibious vehicles. Depending on the concentrations used and the species involved, some of these substances may be deadly, may impact growing and development, or may impact metabolism. Habitat alteration change and atomization. Habitat alteration or devastation includes the building of substructure and roads, excavation and logging activities etc. and is one of the most dramatic issues impacting amphibious species worldwide. As amphibious vehicles by and large need aquatic and tellurian home grounds to last, menaces to either home ground can impact populations. Hence, amphibious vehicles may be more vulnerable to habitat alteration than beings that merely necessitate one home ground type. Large scale clime alterations may farther be modifying aquatic home grounds, forestalling amphibious vehicles from engendering wholly. Climate alteration Anthropogenic planetary heating has unambiguously exerted a major consequence on amphibious diminutions. For illustration, in the Monteverde Cloud Forest, a series of remarkably warm old ages led to the mass disappearings of the Monteverde Harlequin toad and the Golden Toad. ( decline_in_amphibian _populations.com ) . An increased degree of cloud screen, which has warmed the darks and cooled down daytime temperatures in an effort to command planetary heating, has been blamed for easing the growing and proliferation of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( the causative agent of the fungous infection chytridiomycosis. Chytridiomycosis or Chytrid Fungus is an epizootic and a major subscriber to the diminution of amphibious populations around the universe, endangering many species with extinction. This fungus is a planetary emerging amphibious pathogen which is turn outing to be one of the worst craniate infective diseases found so far. It is doing a immense sum of extinction and disease within amphibious populations. More than 100 species of amphibious vehicles are known to be affected by the chytrid fungus ( Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) . Some are really susceptible and die rapidly while others which are more immune are bearers of the pathogen. This disease is already credited with pass overing out toads and frogs in big Numberss in Australia and South America. ( decline_in_amphibian _populations.com ) The increased temperature caused by planetary heating has besides caused the disappearing of many species from progressively hot home grounds. The rise in sea degrees which causes attendant implosion therapy and devastation of home ground has besides lead to extinction of some species. Ultra violet radiation Degrees of UV-B radiation in the ambiance have risen significantly over the past few decennaries, due to stratospheric ozone depletion and clime alteration. Research workers have found that UV-B radiation can kill amphibious vehicles straight, cause sublethal effects such as slowed growing rates and immune disfunction. The sum of harm depends upon the life phase, the species type and other environmental parametric quantities. Salamanders and toads that produce less photolyase, an enzyme that counteracts DNA harm from UVB, are more susceptible to the effects of loss of the ozone bed. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation may non kill a peculiar species or life phase but may do terrible harm to it.

Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Marketing Communication - Essay Example Since the JJB leisure clubs are being launched, therefore, to educate the public comparatively detailed print and television advertising would have to be carried out. The purpose of the advertising would be to inform and persuade prospective clients to invest in the services of JJB. TV commercials: a five minute commercial highlighting all the services and concluding on â€Å" JJB will soon be serving members in Ireland†. To economize, in the initial stages, only one international ad will be made that would be run in Ireland as well as UK. TV Documentary: This detailed 15 minute documentary would include everything from the history and formation of JJB to what it is currently and what future plans they have. This documentary proposed to be aired in Ireland before the launch of the outlet in Derry. Likewise, this documentary to be aired on significant channels in the UK before the launch of any more clubs in UK. Print Advertising: One print ad showing multiple views of the various club services, containing the unique selling proposition, the positioning statement and the logo to be developed and released before the launches or before any new services are announced. Direct Mail: Brochures to be designed carrying in depth detail on the various services being offered by the club and sent in direct mail to the respective clients. Data collected from the JJB outlets walk in customers by taking their contact details. In view of the expansion pressures, the JJB’s health and fitness clubs have identified Ireland (Derry) as a potential market for opening outlets. JJB might be a highly recognized sports retail brand in UK but in Ireland, it would have to create its brand awareness. This would serve dual purposes of getting publicity in UK as well as Ireland since it is one of the most high profile events. JJB will reinforce its sports orientation as well as create awareness for

Fault Detection and Diagnosis using Principal Component Analysis of Literature review

Fault Detection and Diagnosis using Principal Component Analysis of Vibration Data from a Reciprocating Compressor - Literature review Example PCA has been employed with genetic algorithms (GA) in order to reduce data dimensionality for use in fault diagnosis of induction motors. PCA was employed to remove relative features, after which GA was employed to select the irrelative features and to optimise the ANN (Yang, Han and Yin, 2006). Fault detection and diagnosis of plant subsystems have also been attempted using PCA. Normal plant operation decomposed through PCA was compared to faulty operation data through PCA decomposition to create thresholds for taking corrective actions. Real time monitoring of plant operation data was compared to both data sets with thresholds settled through Q statistics in order to detect faults (Villegas, Fuente and Rodriguez, 2010). Vibration monitoring of helicopter transmissions has been attempted using tri-axial accelerometers and PCA processing of the obtained data. The three different dimensions of acceleration data obtained using accelerometers were reduced to a single dimension using PCA for simpler processing. This approach is seen to provide a simpler and computationally robust technique for vibration monitoring in highly complex systems (Tumer and Huff, 2002). Independent PCA models suffer due to the control limits required for the Q and T2 statistics. Also, the limits are produced assuming that the process data is Gaussian in character, which may lead to complications if the process data is not actually Gaussian in character. Probabilistic techniques have been used in conjunction with PCA (PPCA) in order to handle both Gaussian and non-Gaussian process data for fault detection and diagnosis in a process control environment. Outcomes signified improvement over simple PCA based control schemes, but certain areas still required improvement under the PPCA based control scheme (He et al., 2012). PCA applications to process control are growing over time. Polyester film process monitoring has been attempted using Q and T2 statistics through a PCA approach for multivar iate quality control (MQC). When compared to other techniques, PCA provided a more robust model for fault detection although diagnosis was not highly reliable. It could be inferred that PCA standalone approaches are best suited to fault detection since fault diagnosis requires the application of other techniques for established reliability (Qin, 2003). A combined index consisting of statistics Q and T2 has been developed in order to minimise the index when faulty variables are being isolated. This provides a better solution than applying the conventional approach of using statistics Q and T2 separately (Chen, Lee and Liu, 2011). It must be noted that PCA provides a simple reduction of dimensionality, but PCA processing is not suited to data streams with a large amount of outliers. A robust PCA (ROBPCA) method has been suggested for dealing with large dimension data using projection pursuit in combination with robust estimation of lower dimensions. Classification of outliers has been made possible through diagnostic plots (Hubert and Engelen, 2004). ROBPCA has been employed for fault detection and isolation in various theoretical situations in order to prove its worth over PCA. The findings signify that ROBPCA provides better results than PCA with its inherent ability to process large data sets (Tharrault et al., 2008). PCA has also been applied together with acoustic emission testing (AET) to deal with vibration monitoring of

Christian ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Christian ethics - Essay Example Since our culture and traditions changes through time and varies from different perspectives, the concept of moral relativism may be, in part, true and can really happen. For example, Christians believe in monogamy but Muslims’ marriage and family tradition is polygamous. The Christians belief is based upon what they believe is true and that is the Christian concept of a monogamous relationship or marriage. Christians believe that this is the correct partner and relationship practice because they believe in the teachings from the Bible. Muslims, on the other hand, also has different literature and context about marriage and family. What may be right for the Muslims, like in the example above, contradicts the beliefs of the Christians. And in this part of moral relativism, I agree. What may be wrong for me may be right for some individual with a contrasting cultural background that what I have. Within a certain culture, there are differing opinions and thoughts, also, about believing in tradition and cultural values. An example of this is the belief in traditional medicine. Though we have a science of medicine, many still believe in the healing capabilities of traditional medicine. This does not indicate, in any way, that traditional medicine is not right or not good for us. What it shows is that the preference of people vary from individual to individual because they believe in something that works for them, or works according to their own pragmatic reasons. The concept of morality is closely related to the concept of one’s own faith and belief. Once and existing belief of a person is shaken, he may look into the other side or his own argument to find a solution to his problem and to bring back the stability of his belief. This indicates that human beings believe in something they want to believe in because it serves their purposes. Going back to the example above, one may encounter a disease in which

Economic of Race and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic of Race and Gender - Essay Example Although such legislation was needed to ensure equal access to employment for all Americans, it also served the purpose of defining diversity by symbolizing what characteristics of American workers should be preserved in the workplace. In this regard, organizations have relied on policies, such as the 4/5ths rule, for ensuring that selection tools do not unfairly discriminate against minority applicants. From the critical perspective, societies themselves made a rational justification for diversity, revealing through their practices that diversification of the workplace in economics is a necessity for increasing workplace innovation and creativity (Cox & Blake, 1991). This rational argument of economic necessity for diversity has been vividly articulated during the United States Supreme Court case of Gratz v.Bollinger (2003). In this case the University of Michigan’s admissions practices were challenged for automatically awarding minority applicants â€Å"diversity points† that were not available for non-minority applicants. A number of organizations filed briefs supporting the University of Michigan’s policies because promoting diversity in higher education would increase the pool of highly qualified applicants for future workforce. Arguments raised in the briefs were that students educated around diversity (1) are more adept at facilitating unique and creative approaches to problem solving; (2) are better able to develop products that appeal to a wide variety of consumers; (3) are better equipped for working with diverse business partners, employees, and clientele and; (4) will contribute to a positive work environment through decreasing incidents of discrimination and stereotyping (3M et al., 2003). Cox and Blake (1991) argued that attitudes, cognition, behaviors, and beliefs are distributed differently across ages, races, and genders, therefore, such heterogeneity, can foster creativity and innovations.

Cybercrime Investigation and Digital Forensics Assignment

Cybercrime Investigation and Digital Forensics - Assignment Example At the same time, this provides backdoors for hackers to intrude into the healthcare information systems and get access to highly confidential information like patient medical reports, lab results, and other potentially lucrative information like insurance details. When a healthcare industry’s data is being breached, it not only results in financial and reputation crisis to the industry and the specific organization but also causes dramatic effects to the patients depending on the nature of the disclosed data. When such incidents happen, digital forensics renders a helping hand in investigating the potential crime scene with evidences that can be presented for prosecution. This report provides a detailed description about the investigation procedure from a perspective of a cyber forensic company’s lead forensics investigator which would help in identifying and prosecuting a potential breach incident that happened in a healthcare company. To begin with, it would be more appropriate to explain our company’s approach in providing the overall plan for processing the potential crime incident that has occurred in a healthcare company. Our investigation team comprises of security and digital forensic professionals who work in close coherence with highly experienced corporate investigators and well trained background verification team (â€Å"Investigating a data breach,† n. d). Whenever data breach incidents happen, our response team would provide complete guidance regarding the post incident proceedings and provide services highly specific to the requirement of the healthcare industry. Our overall planning process comprises of collecting and securing the digital evidences, visualizing indications for data breach using a triage approach, rigorous analysis of evidences, presenting the investigation results for prosecution, and providing remediation for preventing future reoccurrences (Nelson,

Part 2 Theories of the Policy Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Part 2 Theories of the Policy Process - Essay Example Bentley's (1908) research offered preliminary insights on how advocacy groups affect the policy process. After Bentley's research, numerous studies on interest groups followed, with each study revealing the importance of interest groups to the policymaking process and the difficulty of measuring the impact of interest group influence on the policymaking process (Baumgartner & Leech, 1998, p. 45-46). In addition to interest groups, political scientists also emphasized the role of bureaucrats, policymakers, and the media in the policy process. All of these entities could influence a specific policy subsystem such as agricultural subsidy policy, pesticide regulatory policy, or any policy considered by policymakers. Over the course of 100 years, political scientists used case studies and quantitative analyses to further examine the impact of these variables on the policy process. By the late 1980s, this collection of research helped to provide the theoretical backdrop to models such as the ACF and PE that attempted to theorize about policy process. The ACF owes much of its intellectual heritage to research on the impact of interest groups on the policy process. This line of research started in the early 1900s and can be roughly divided into four eras. In the first era, lasting from 1900- 1930s, researchers examined the pressure tactics of groups and the impact of those tactics on the policy process. Significant works during this era included Arthur Bentley's (1908) The Process of Government. Bentley broadly theorized that groups compete against one another in order to influence governmental processes (p. 222,269). Although Bentley was not concerned with constructing specific theories on group activity, his research was the first to suggest that groups influenced the policy process. It also helped political scientists refocus their research efforts to other aspects of government aside from legalistic examinations of governing institutions (Bentley, 1908, p. 162). Similar works that examined the role of interest groups, or pressure groups as they were commonly known during this period, followed with each work examining the importance of interest groups in policymaking and reconciling that notion with theories of government and democracy (Griffith, 1939; Herring, 1929; Odegard, 1928; Schattschneider, 193 5; see also Cleveland, 19 13; Crawford, 1939; Croly, 19 15; Pollock, 1927; Zeller, 1937). Even more than Arthur Bentley, whose work was generally not even recognized until the 1950s, these researchers made the study of interest groups' impact on the policy process noteworthy (Garson, 1978, p. 77). However, it was not until the 1950s that interest group research really became important to political science. During this second era of research, lasting approximately from the 1940s- 1960s, the study of interest group influence on the policy process reached its scholarly zenith as the administrative size of the federal government increased. Research during this time period reaffirmed the importance of interest groups to policymaking (Griffith, 195 1 ; Latham, 1952; Truman, 1951 ; see also Key, 1952; McConnell, 1966). Some of the most influential research also extended the notion of interest group influence on the policy process to the notion that interest groups, policymakers, and agencies jointly controlled the policy proc

Cavour and Bismarck respectively Essay Example for Free

Cavour and Bismarck respectively Essay The unification of the states of Italy and Germany was primarily driven according to how each statesman, Cavour and Bismarck respectively, handled the situation in their own countries. Generally, the two leaders implement the process of diverting their attentions on how to eject intruding forces out of the territorial states by starting a plot which will cause very common philosophical perspective, to drive away external forces. \. Cavour was able to ignite the war with the Austrians which lead to the total acquisition of territories for Italy. This started the unification process for the country since many forces of the states share the same sentiments (Arcaini, 2005). On the other hand, Bismarck of Germany also initiated a conflict in order to unify the outlying forces within the central German influence. Although indirectly, he created a small conspiracy by attracting an individual to accept a royal position in Spain in order to start the Franco-Prussian war. The combinations of forces lead to the unification of different German states. Between the two, Germany could be a potential effective European leader. This can be attributed due to its centralized extent of influence within its boundaries both geographically and politically. Unlike the Italian state, it is also situated in a way where easier strategic location is a big factor, an advantage to relay information to other European countries. Another factor which provides a greater advantage of Germany over Italy is that they showed a mightier force in terms of capturing other governments. When the war between France and the Northern states of Germany was over, Paris was captured considered to be the French center of government. References Arcaini. 2005. The Italian Unification. Arcaini. Retrieved November 17, 2007 from http://www. arcaini. com/ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification. htm.

Stroke Case Study | Pathophysiology and Care Delivery Plan

Stroke Case Study | Pathophysiology and Care Delivery Plan This paper will discuss the case study relating to the patient, Mrs Amelia Middleton, and answer a series of questions relating to the pathophysiology of stroke, nursing care of the patient, and response to pharmacological issues with her treatment Question 1 Farrell Dempsey (2014b) define the pathophysiological characteristics of an ischaemic stroke as being the disruption to cerebral blood supply due to an obstruction in a blood vessel (p. 1649). This disruption can be described as an ischaemic cascade, which commences with a fall in cerebral blood flow to less than 25mL/100g/min (p. 1649). When this occurs, neurons are unable to maintain aerobic respiration, causing a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. To combat this, mitochondria switch to anaerobic respiration, which produces large amounts of lactic acid, causes changes in cellular pH levels, anaerobic respiration is less efficient, and neurons are not capable of producing sufficient ATP to fuel the depolarisation processes (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b, p. 1649; Craft, Gordon, Tiziani, 2011). With the loss of ATP production, the active transport across the cell membrane ceases, leading to the destruction of the cell membrane, releasing more calcium and glutamate, vaso constriction and generation of free radicals. As the cascade continues, intracellular pressures increase, causing oedema (Craft, et al., 2011, p. 192). This oedema reaches it maximum after about 72 hour, and slowly subsides over the following two weeks. There are four types of haemorrhagic stroke, namely intracerebral, intracranial cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous malformations, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, all with varying pathophysiology (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b, p. 1661). The most common type is the intracerebral haemorrhage, which is mostly found in patients with hypertension and cerebral atheroschlerosis. Certain types of arterial pathology, brain tumour, and the use of medications may also cause intracerebral haemorrhage (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Bleeding related to the condition is most commonly arterial and normally occurs in the putamen and adjacent internal capsule, cerebral lobes, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum and brain stem (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Intracranial aneurism is dilation of the walls of a cerebral artery developing because of weakness in the arterial wall (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Presumed causes of aneurysms are weakness in arterial walls, congenital abnormalities, hypertensive vascular disease, head trauma, infection, or advancing age. Aneurysms can occur in any area of the brain but commonly occur at the circle of Willis arteries. Arteries affected by aneurysms are the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery, posterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Arteriovenous malformations are caused by abnormalities in embryonic development or are the result of trauma. It is the formation of a mass of arteries and veins without a capillary bed, whose absence, leads to dilation of arteries and veins with eventual rupture. This type of haemorrhage is common in younger people (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Subarachnoid haemorrhage may occur because of arteriovenous malformation, intracranial aneurysm, trauma or hypertension. Most common causes are leaking aneurysms in the area of the circle of Willis or a congenital arteriovenous malformation of the brain (Farrell Dempsey, 2014b). Both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke have modifiable and non-modifiable precipitating factors. Modifiable factors are those that can be changed and include: (Al-Asadi Habib, 2014; Jarvis, 2012) Non-modifiable factors are those that cannot be changed or altered, and in concert with modifiable risk factors, can indicate populations at higher risk. The factors are: (Al-Asadi Habib, 2014; Jarvis, 2012) Question 2 The nursing care required for the patient within the first 24 hours would initially include a neurological assessment, especially if thrombolytic therapy has been administered (Hinkle McKenna Guanci, 2007). Nurses need to use the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), check vital signs pupil reaction and limb assessment. If the GCS falls during or after treatment, patients need to have an urgent CT scan to exclude haemorrhagic stroke. These observations need to be recorded every 15 minutes for the first 2 hours after thrombolytic therapy, then every hour for the next 24 to 48 hours (Hinkle McKenna Guanci, 2007). Oxygen therapy will only need to be administered if the patient becomes hypoxic, which occurs if the oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels fall below 95% saturation. Blood sugar levels need to be monitored, as it is common for post stroke patients to become hyperglycaemic. Patients also need to be in an electric bed with the cot sides up and the head at a 30-degree angle, which reduces the ri sks of choking and falls (Catangui Slark, 2012). Suction should be available at the bedside in case of angioedma. Electrocardiograms need to be performed regularly to detect any abnormal changes in heart rhythm. The patient is already in atrial fibrillation but this may alter if thrombolytic therapy is administered, as such, this requires assessment on an hourly basis. The nurse should also take the time to provide information to family members regarding the patient’s treatment (Felicilda-Reynaldo, 2013). The patient and family need to be informed why thrombolytic therapy is needed, what the desired outcomes are and if there are any adverse effects. When this treatment is needed, it is often in an emergency and can be frightening for family members to see their loved one in pain or distress (Felicilda-Reynaldo, 2013). Question 3 Thrombolysis is the division of a blood clot or thrombus by the infusion of a fibrinolytic agent (drugs that are capable of breaking down fibrin, the main constituent of blood clots) into the blood (Tiziani, 2013). Thrombolytic agents act by activating plasminogen to form a proteolytic enzyme, plasmin, which attaches to fibrin, and consequently, breaks down the clot (Tiziani, 2013; Catangui Slark, 2012); this process is called clot resolution. Thrombolytic agents vary in there action, for example, Alteplase and Reteplase, are recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) drugs that have fibrin specific actions, adhering to fibrin bound plasminogen, Tenecteplase, a genetically engineered tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) shares similar traits (Tiziani, 2013; Catangui Slark, 2012). In contrast, Streptokinase is a non-specific plasminogen activator, which attaches itself to both fibrin bound plasminogen and unbound plasminogen (Tiziani, 2013). The use of thrombolytic agents on stroke patients is time-critical. Catangui Slark (2012), supported by Hinkle McKenna Guanci (2007) and Farrell Dempsey (2014b), describe a set of contraindications for the use of thrombolysis in stroke patients, these include age, blood pressure greater that 185mmHg/110mmHg, GCS score less than 8, time from onset of symptoms less than 4Â ½ hours, or previous stroke or myocardial infarction. This is not an exhaustive list, but is relevant to the case study patient. From these indicators it can be shown that the patient falls into a category that contraindicates the use of thrombolysis in the treatment of her condition, i.e. her blood pressure is 200mm/Hg/110mm/Hg, and that it has been at least 6 hours since onset of conditions. Question 4 Aspirin is both a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) and anti-platelet drug (Tiziani, 2013, p. 4 511). In its NSAID function, the drug acts to inhibit prostaglandin production, which is a mediator of inflammatory response and thermoregulation (McKenna Lim, 2012). The anti-platelet properties of the drug inhibit the production of thromboxane A2, which is a vasoconstrictor that normally increases platelet aggregation (McKenna Lim, 2012). Contraindications for this drug are for people with allergies to Salicylates, haemorrhage, and gastrointestinal bleeding (Tiziani, 2013; McKenna Lim, 2012). Administration is by oral pathway. In the context of this case study, because the patient is not eligible for thrombolysis, aspirin would be beneficial in lowering the risk of further stroke by reducing the chance of further thrombosis forming through its anti-platelet properties. The risks in this context are exacerbation of her hypertension and possible bleeding; however, in this circums tance the prescription of aspirin is appropriate. Carvedilol is a lipophilic vasodilating non-cardioselective ÃŽ ²-blocker (Leonetti Egan, 2012). This drug is used to treat hypertension by blocking norepinephrine binding to ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors in addition to both ÃŽ ²1-adrenergic and ÃŽ ²2-adrenergic receptors (Leonetti Egan, 2012). Contraindications for this drug include bradycardia, heart block, diabetes, and bronchospasms (McKenna Lim, 2012). Administration is by oral pathway. In the context of the case study, the administration of carvedilol is desirable because of her hypertension. It is further suggested that carvedilol contributes to a reduction in cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (Watson Lip, 2006). The risk associated with this drug include hepatic failure, oedema, and deterioration if the patient is in heart failure (McKenna Lim, 2012; Tiziani, 2013) Atorvostatin is a hydroxymethylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor used to treat hypercholesterolaemia or hyperlipidaemia (McKenna Lim, 2012). The drug acts to inhibit production of cholesterol by blocking HMG-CoA reductase from completing the synthesis of cholesterol (Tiziani, 2013). Administration is by oral pathway. In the context of this case study, Atorvostatin is not indicated for administration without further investigation into potential underlying causes, such as, heart disease or hypercholesterolaemia. Question 5 In the context of this case study, atrial fibrillation could indicate heart disease, but further investigation would be necessary to determine this. Factors such as age, hypertension, ischaemic stroke, family history of myocardial infarction, and erratic pulse are evident and are all indicators towards heart disease (Bordignon, Corti Bilato, 2012). McKenna Lim (2012, p. 676) also associate coronary artery disease, myocardial inflammation, valvular disease, cardiomegaly, and rheumatic heart disease with atrial fibrillation. Pharmacologically, the drugs considered for intervention include heparin, warfarin, and carvedilol (Watson Lip, 2006). Both Heparin and Warfarin are anticoagulant drugs. Heparin is a fast acting, intra-venous or subcutaneously administered anticoagulant used in the acute setting, with changeover to orally administered warfarin, whose anticoagulant effect is evident after 36-72 hour, for longer-term use (Tiziani, 2013; McKenna Lim, 2012). In context of the case study, aspirin use would be discontinued if heparin and warfarin were administered, as these drugs are recorded as having an adverse reaction (Tiziani, 2013; McKenna Lim, 2012). These drug types have contraindications for active and potential bleeding, so issues such as haemorrhoid bleeding may exclude these drugs from administration (Tiziani, 2013). As previously stated, Carvedilol is a nonselective ÃŽ ²-blocker (Leonetti Egan, 2012). This drug is administered orally and are safe in combination with heparin or warfarin (Tiziani, 2013). Contraindications for this drug include bradycardia, heart block, diabetes, and bronchospasms (McKenna Lim, 2012). This drug had both antihypertensive properties and has been shown to reduce cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (Watson Lip, 2006). The risk associated with this drug include hepatic failure, oedema, and deterioration if the patient is in heart failure (McKenna Lim, 2012; Tiziani, 2013). Conclusion This paper has discuss and identified the pathophysiology of stroke, discussed the nursing care of the stroke patient, and identified and discussed pharmacological interventions available to treat the patient. Page 1 of 6 20/09/2016 2:53:40 PM

Entity ritual and power an anthroplogical

Entity ritual and power an anthroplogical Anthropology 103 is an introduction to some of the major topics and issues that concern social and cultural anthropologists today. It complements Anth 102: Anthropological Perspectives, offered in the second semester, which deals with a separate range of anthropological issues. Together, Anth 102 and 103 constitute a comprehensive introduction to anthropology and students intending to major in anthropology should do both of them. Both Anth 102 and Anth 103 also complement our other 100-level courses, Anth 104: Endangered Peoples (offered in 2011) and Anth 105: Human Evolution, offered this semester. Course convenor lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Patrick McAllister, Room 325, Department of Sociology and Anthropology Phone: ext 7103; email: [emailprotected] Course administrator: Roslyn Kerr, Room 207, School of Social and Political Sciences Phone: ext 7185; email: [emailprotected]y.ac.nz Tutors: Amba Brackenreg Morton, Room 207, School of Social and Political Sciences Phone: ext 7185; email: [emailprotected] Niki McCusker, Room 207, School of Social and Political Sciences Phone: ext 7185; email: [emailprotected] Consulting hours: Your tutor will inform you of her/his consulting hours once you have been assigned to a tutorial group. Feel free to make an appointment with the course lecturer at any time. Lectures and tutorials: There will be two lectures a week on Monday from 11 to 11.50 a.m. in A4 lecture theatre and Wednesday from 11 to 11.50 a.m. in A5 lecture theatre. There is one compulsory tutorial a week. Tutorial groups, venues and times will be arranged at the beginning of the course. Lecture outlines will be posted on Learn each week. Assessment: Tutorial participation (attendance and preparation of notes) 15% Class test: Wednesday31 March 15% Essay: due on Friday 21 May 20% Exam (date t.b.a.) 50% Satisfactory participation in tutorials will require the preparation of written notes (approximately one page of 300 words per tutorial) based on the tutorial reading. Most tutorials involve participation in small-group work, and adequate preparation is essential. You are required to take a hard copy of the notes to the tutorial so that you can consult it during discussions. The notes will be collected and recorded but not assessed, but the mark for tutorial participation is based on both the hard copy handed in to the tutor and on your attendance at the tutorial. The essay (see p. 7) should be typed, double spaced, and around 2000 words in length. Learn contains a guide to essay writing and a referencing guide which you must read. The class test will be based entirely on material dealt with in tutorials and lectures, including the relevant readings in the course reader (weekly readings as well as tutorial readings). The exam will be based on all aspects of the course readings, lectures, tutorials and videos. For details on assessment policy, aegrotats, extensions, etc., see Learn. Course reader and Tutorial readings: Part One of the Course Reader contains the weekly readings relevant to the weekly lectures. Tutorial readings are found in Part Two of the course reader. Students are also advised to consult the Anthropology and other social science encyclopaedias in the reference section of the Central Library. Textbook: There is a recommended text book for this course, available from the University book shop. It is Monaghan, J and Just, P. Social and Cultural Anthropology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, 2000. There is also a course Reader. It contains readings relevant to both lectures and tutorials but not readings from the recommended text book. Other recommended texts (on short loan in the library): Metcalf, Peter Anthropology: The Basics. Routledge 2005. Eriksen, Thomas Hyland Small Places, Large Issues. Second edition. London: Pluto Press. 2001. Internet resources: Learn contains everything you need to know about the course (see http://learn.canterbury.ac.nz/login/index.php) and also has links to a number of sites of interest to anthropologists. Course overview: Anth 103 introduces students to a range of topics aimed at enabling them to critically examine the nature and role of culture in constructing a sense of individual and collective identity, and how this is related to various forms of power. Culture is viewed as a system of symbols that provide meaning, manifested in language, in notions of space and place, in art, in ritual, and in other material things such as food and dress. The course explores the role of symbols and rituals in the construction of culture. It demonstrates how ideas about culture may form the basis of group formation, ethnic and national identity, and how many forms of social action (including conflict between groups) may be understood as the politics of culture in which there are struggles for identity and power. Culture and identity are frequently acted out or performed in ritual and other forms of public action, and the notion of performance is introduced and developed in relation to the construc tion and demonstration of identity. The course illustrates the diverse nature of the ways in which humans perform identity and how these topics are of interest and relevance to countries such as New Zealand. In this sense it demonstrates how anthropology is relevant in todays world, by showing how an anthropological approach may be applied to contemporary social issues. _____________________________________________________________________ ­Ã‚ ­ Lecture programme _____________________________________________________________________ Week 1 22 February We start, this week and next, with an introduction to socio-cultural anthropology, its perspectives and its methods. Certain basic anthropological concerns are introduced. These include the nature of culture and society, and the ways in which humans organise themselves socially (weeks 2 and 3). In later weeks we see that time, space, the body and material culture form important components of this, as do ritual and power. In this respect the importance of symbols and meaning are emphasised, before we move on (in the second half of the course) to the question of ritual and ritual performance, through which culture is expressed, identities constructed and maintained, and power relationships acted out and reflected upon. Ritual performances, then, turn out to be basic to understanding the nature of social identity and the politics of culture, and vice versa. Videos and video clips are used to provide visual illustrations and food for thought. 1. Welcome and introduction what is socio-cultural anthropology, and why study it? Academic members of the UC anthropology programme and what they do. 2. The anthropological approach: Ethnographic fieldwork Video: Off the Verandah (Malinowski) Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch1); Eriksen 2001, ch 3. No tutorial this week. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 2 1 March 3. Culture and society: Video: The Kawelka: Ongkas Big Moka 4. Culture, symbols, society, meaning: Video: Dogtown and Z boys Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (chs 2 3); Hendry, 1999, ch 1. Tutorial Metcalf refers to the culture shock experienced by anthropological fieldworkers. How is this illustrated by Richard Lees experience of Christmas in the Kalahari? Metcalf 2005, ch1; Lee 2000. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 3 8 March 5. Symbols, identity and power: Video: Dogtown and Z boys (contd.) 6. Reflections and consolidation: Dogtown, the Kawelka, and the anthropological approach Reading: Delaney 2004, pp. 323-332 Tutorial It has been suggested that culture consists of meanings conveyed by symbols. Your tutorial notes should address the following questions: What is a symbol? How do symbols convey meaning? Why is symbolism central to understanding culture and society? Hendry 1999, Ch 5. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 4 15 March 7. Material culture the things that matter 8. Economic anthropology The Potlatch. Video: Box of Treasures Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 6); Piddocke 1965 Tutorial Body ritual in New Zealand society: How does body ritual and the associated material things in your own home compare with the lengths to which the Nacirema go to ensure bodily purity? Miner 2000. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 5 22 March 9. Time and space 10. The politics of culture. Video: Basques of Santazi Readings: Bourdieu 1973 Tutorial Maria Tam considers yumcha to be a typically Hong Style of eating. What is the connection between food, time and place in this instance? Can you think of other examples of close associations between a particular national or regional identity and specific foods or eating styles? Tam 1997. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 6 29 March 11. The politics of culture (contd) 12. Class test. Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 5); Atran 2007. Tutorial Race and culture: Why is race a discredited concept in biology? And if it is discredited, why is it relevant to anthropologists? Check it out in your tutorial readings, then go to the library and look through last weeks New Zealand and Australian newspapers for articles that refer to race, race differences, or similar issues and bring the article with you to the tutorial for discussion, along with your notes. Metcalf 2005, ch 2; Diamond 1999. _____________________________________________________________________ Mid semester break _____________________________________________________________________ Week 7 26 April 13. Nationalism and ethnicity: Ethnicity and the politics of culture in New Zealand 14. Aesthetics, identity and society Readings: Eriksen 2001, ch 17-18; Hendry 1999, ch 6 Tutorial: Discuss and evaluate Koligs analysis of the links between culture, ethnicity, politics and power in New Zealand. Kolig 2009. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 8 3 May 15. Religion and Ritual 16. Ritual and the life-cycle Readings: Monaghan and Just 2000 (ch 7); Hendry 1999 (ch 4) Tutorial What are the characteristics of the liminal stage of rites of passage? Turner 2000. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 9 10 May 17. Rites of Passage. Video: Masai Manhood 18. Masai ritual, politics and power Readings: Turnbull 1993 (Ch 10) Tutorial How did Moerans attention to the ritualised consumption of alcohol and to drinking talk help him to understand power relations in the Japanese community that he studied? Moeran 1998. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 10 17 May 19. Ritual, identity, power witches, sorcerers, and oracles Video: Strange Beliefs (Evan-Pritchard) 20. Magic and shamanism Video: Off the Verandah (Malinowski) Readings: Beattie 1964, pp. 139-151 Tutorial What is globalization and why are anthropologists interested in it? Eriksen 2001, ch 19. _____________________________________________________________________ Week 11 24 May 21. Cultural performance 22. Performing identity: Video Trobriand Cricket Readings: Bauman 1992 Tutorial What are the ways in which you perform your identity? How are such performances related to your nationality, age, gender, education and ethnicity? Fernea and Fernea 2000 _____________________________________________________________________ Week 12 31 May 23. Cultural performance and public ritual in New Zealand: ANZAC Day 24. Conclusion, course overview, exam details Readings: Delaney 2004, 376-391 Tutorial Revision and consolidation _____________________________________________________________________ Essay; due on Friday 21 May (2000 words, typed) Choose ONE of the following topics. 1. Discuss the usefulness or otherwise of regarding Pakeha/Maori relations as relations between ethnic groups. Use the media to make reference to contemporary issues and controversies in your answer. Banks, M. Ethnicity : Anthropological Constructions. London; New York : Routledge. 1996. Eriksen, T. H. Ethnicity and Nationalism : Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto. 1993. Kolig, E. Romancing Culture and its Limitations: Policies of Cultural Recognition, Multiculturalism and Cultural Boundaries in New Zealand. In The Politics of Conformity in New Zealand, edited by R. Openshaw and E. Rata. Auckland: Pearson. 2009. Kottak, C. Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity. 9th edition. McGraw Hill. 2002. Ch 12. Barber, K. Pakeha Ethnicity and Indigeneity. Social Analysis, 43, 2. 1999 Spoonley, P Pearson, C. Nga Patai: Racism and Ethnic Relations in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. 1996. (Chapters by Bell and Spoonley). 2. Anthropology is said to be concerned with the contemporary study of culture and society. What do these two terms mean, and in what ways are they connected? Barnard, A. and J. Spencer Encyclopaedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. London: Routledge. 1996. (Make use of other Anthropology encyclopaedias as well). Metcalf, Peter.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anthropology: The Basics.  Ã‚   Abingdon/New York: Routledge. 2005. Bailey, James and Peoples, Garrick. Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. 6th edition. Belmont, Ca.: Thomson/Wadsworth. 2003 Hendry, Joy. An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London: MacMillan Press. 1999. Eriksen, Thomas Hyland. Small Places, Large Issues. Second edition. London: Pluto Press. 2001 Beattie, John. Other Cultures. London:Routledge. 1964. 3. The body, it is said, is not a natural thing but a cultural one. The body is implicated in ritual and performance, and it is an important source of symbolism in most societies. Discuss. Delaney, Carol. An Experiential Introduction to Anthropology. Malden/Oxford. 2004, chs 6-8 Hendry, Joy. An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London: MacMillan Press. 1999. Ch 5 Bowie, F. The anthropology of religion. Second edition. Oxford Blackwells. 2006. Ch 2. Hertz, R. Death and the Right Hand. London: Cohen and West. 1960. pp89-116.

Life and Death After the Invasion :: essays research papers

Returning to their New Hampshire home, Barney and Betty Hill had the worst time adjusting to the â€Å"invasion†. Barney began smoking and Betty began to hallucinating. * 3 weeks later* Barney was on the verge of getting fired from his assistant supervisor job because he constantly got high in the workplace. He also began hallucinating about small martians speaking to him and telling him that everyone in their town are secret F.B.I. Agents and are out to get him and his wife. Also, that it would be a good idea to take his wife and drive to the Grand Canyon. That is where no one would find him. Due to Betty’s â€Å"strange behavior†, her boss awarded her with another week off to relax. She planned a trip alone to Arizona. After her day shift was over, she walks over to her car and grabs the handle. Only the door is stuck. Betty tugs and tugs, but the door still wont budge. She takes a deep breath and tries for the door again. With a mighty thrust, she tugs. The door opens and Betty falls to the ground. Everything in her purse falls out. Her red lipstick rolls underneath the car. As she reaches to grab it†¦. SLAM!!! The car door shuts again. Puzzled, she opens the door and looks, but no one is in her car. She puts her key in and cranks the engine†¦ â€Å"DAMN IT!† cursed Betty. The car wont start. She looks at the gas hand to see if the tank was empty. The tank was full. She picks up her cell phone and tried to call her husband, only to be accompanied by static. â€Å"Hello?† Silence. She then begins to hear something really weird. Whispering. â€Å"Hello? Who is this? Can anybody hear me? Barney? Barney, can you hear me?†, questioned Betty. Before she could even hang up the phone, a bright light surrounding the car making it very difficult to see. She then decides to get out of the car and investigate. She reaches for the handle, but cant open the door for it seems to be stuck. Betty tries to scream, but nothing manages to come out. The light becomes so bright, that she passes out. When she comes to (10 minutes later), she tries the engine again. â€Å"Hotdog, it works!† Betty rejoices. Barney, feeling â€Å"light as a feather†, she attempts to drive home. He pulls up in his driveway, hitting the garage door.

College Admissions Essay: A Pivotal Time in My Life :: College Admissions Essay

A  Pivotal Time in My Life    My mother read The Yearling aloud to me when I was eight. I have always thought of that time - those nights when she read, seated in the hall outside the bedrooms, my sister listening from her room and me from mine - our rooms were dark, and the light was on Mother, and her voice was clear and expressive; she was a good reader - I have thought of that as a pivotal time in my literature life. Reading for me, until then, had been The Bobbsey Twins, Mary Poppins, Alice in Wonderland, Winnie the Pooh, and Nancy Drew: a combination of classics and schlock, and I loved it all. But it was separate from me. It was not real. They were stories, and they held my interest and made me laugh now and then - but they were never real. But now, with my own father far away on business, my mother sat quietly in that hallway and read of the boy named Jody whose father, bitten by a rattlesnake, is struggling to live. "He pressed his face into hanging covers and cried bitterly," my mother read of Jody (and I, listening, pressed my own face into my pillow in anguish for Jody). "He was torn with hate for all death and pity for all aloneness," she read. It was the book, The Yearling, and its effect on me, that directed my reading from then on. After I had met Jody Baxter, I didn't want to hang out with Nan and Bert Bobbsey ever again.

Task Switching

Running Head: Time Cost, Task-Switching, Repeating Tasks Task Switching Cost’s Time Brooklyn College City University of New York Abstract A replication of Task Switching Monsell 2003 experiment was done, which predicts a time cost when switching tasks. 18 participants had to complete 100 randomized trials, switching between task-repeat and task-switching trials. Reaction Times (RT) were recorded and reflected by experimenters, to determine that there is a time cost involved when switching tasks as opposed to repeating the same task. Task-Switching Costs TimeMany people take pride in the fact that they can multitask. A study â€Å"Task Switching† conducted by Monsell concluded that multitasking, or switching between tasks actually costs us time. Our brain is complicated machinery, which requires a specific program for a specific task to be loaded in to our computer, the brain, to complete a task. Switching between tasks takes more time than repeating the same task. Monse ll demonstrated that when presented with one task, our brain responds faster in completing the task, rather than switching between tasks.In a task-switching experiment subjects are first pretrained on two or more simple tasks afforded by a set of stimuli. Each task requires attention to, and classification of, a different element or attribute of the stimulus or retrieval from memory or computation of a different property of the stimulus. (eg. , Monsell 2003) In the study the subjects were presented with a series of trials (eg. , Monsell 2003) and completed the task at hand on a random trial basis. The participants had to repeat the same task or switch between tasks to complete each trial.By conducting these trials the researchers tried to examine performance or brain activation on and following trials when the task changes for evidence of extra processing demands that are associated with the need to reconfigure task-set (eg. , Monsell 2003) The study concluded our brain requires a à ¢â‚¬Å"task-set reconfiguration† a sort of mental â€Å"gear changing† (eg. , Monsell 2003) In prospective this means that our brain loads a different program every time we need to complete a separate task.When switching between tasks our brain goes between two different programs one for example for counting and one for reading, therefore costing us time to switch between these two tasks. In this experiment we tried to replicate the Monsell 2003 Task Switching experiment. 18 Participants took a brief task-switching test via program Revolution Maker ©. Each trial was randomly assigned. The participants were presented with numbers one through nine and on each trial had to react to the number, to identify either its odd or even or if the magnitude was either less than 5 or more than 5.We hypothesis that when individuals are engaged in a cognitive task there is a time cost that occurs when asked to switch between tasks as opposed to repeating tasks. Methods Participants: 1 8 undergraduate students from Brooklyn College participated in this study. Materials: A task switching experiment designed on the computer program Revolution Maker © Procedure: Participants were led to an isolated lab room were they participated in a task-switching experiment. They were involved in 2 tasks a magnitude test and an odd even task.There was 100 randomly assigned trials 50% task-switch and 50% task-repeat that were completed by the participants. There were different type keys presented to the participants such as: z for an odd number, x for an even number, m for a number (>) than 5, and n for a number (

What Makes Me Happy

Gujarat and Maharashtra Social economic data (populations, education, trade, agriculture, urbanization), infrastructure, development, and policies. What is the primary focus of each state? How do population densities compare? Are both these countries agriculturally self-sufficient? How educated is the labor force? Gujarat is located in the west side of India, and lies in the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is surrounded by different states on each side. The population of the state holds about 60 million people who speak the language of Gujarat which is gujarati.The people from Gujarat believe that â€Å"art, culture, and lifestyle make life peaceful and calm. †(The official Gujarat state portal) Art is a big deal in their state; they feel a sense of freedom to express their culture and how they feel. They also believe music is the words of the angels. They dance and praise their music to give thanks to their angels for their success and lifestyle. In Gujarat is where all the high ly praised legends come from for example Gandhi, a freedom fighter. Gujarat has a lot of great things about it; another amazing thing about this country is their schools.They make sure to have great Universities to have well educated people, but in fact more men go to a University then women do. There are more men than women in Gujarat, the ratio has gotten better over the years. There is a great deal of pride amongst the people in Gujarat for their state. There is another state in India that is rich in their culture, and that is Maharashtra, India. Maharashtra is located in the western region of India. Maharashtra is the third largest state in India but the wealthiest state. The native language people speak in Maharashtra is Marathi.

Leadership †Making the Business Successful

Leadership has different meanings to various authors.   Leadership could be defined as influence, that is, the art of process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievement of group goals (Bass, 1981).   Although their approach to leadership theory is primarily one of analyzing lead ­ership style, Fred E. Fiedler and his associates at the University of Illinois have suggested a contingency theory of leadership (Fiedler, 1967). The theory holds that people become leaders not only because of the attributes of their personalities but also because of various situational factors and the interactions between leaders and group members. On the basis of his studies, Fiedler de ­scribed three critical dimensions of the leadership situation that help determine what style of leadership will be most effective (Miner, 1982): Position power is the degree to which the power of a position, as distinguished from other sources of power, such as personality or expertise, enables a leader to get group members to comply with directions; in the case of managers, this is the power arising from organizational authority. As Fiedler points out, a leader with clear and considerable position power can obtain good followership more easily than one without such power (Bowers, 1975). With the dimension of Task structure, Fiedler had in mind the extent to which tasks can be clearly spelled out and people held responsible for them. If tasks are clear (rather than vague and unstructured), the quality of performance can be more easily controlled and group members can be held more definitely responsible for performance. Fiedler regarded the dimension of Leader-member relations as the most im ­portant from a leader’s point of view, since position power and task structure may be largely under the control of an enterprise. It has to do with the extent to which group members like, trust, and are willing to follow a leader (Yuki, 1981). To approach his study, Fiedler set forth two major styles of leadership. One of these is primarily task-oriented; that is, the leader gains satis ­faction from seeing tasks performed. The other is oriented primarily toward achiev ­ing good interpersonal relations and attaining a position of personal prominence. Favorableness of situation was defined by Fiedler as the degree to which a given situation enables a leader to exert influence over a group. To measure leadership styles and determine whether a leader is chiefly task-oriented, Fiedler used an unusual testing technique (Kirkpatrick & Locke, 1991). He based his findings on two sources: (1) scores on the least preferred coworker (LPC) scale – these are ratings made by people in a group as to those with whom they would least like to work; and (2) scores on the assumed similarity between opposites (ASO) scale–ratings based on the degree to which leaders see group members as being like themselves, on the assumption that people will like best, and work best with, those who are seen as most like them ­selves. Today the LPC scale is most commonly used in research. In developing this scale, Fiedler asked respondents to identify the traits of a person with whom they could work least well (Fiedler, 1967). Leadership performance depends as much on the organization as it depends on the leader's own attributes. Except perhaps for the unusual case, it is simply not meaningful to speak of an effective leader or an ineffective leader; we can only speak of a leader who tends to be effective in one situation and ineffective in another. If we wish to increase organizational and group effectiveness we must learn not only how to train leaders more effectively but also how to build an organizational environment in which the leader can perform well (Indvik, 1986). In a highly structured situation, such as in the military during a war, where the leader has strong position power and good relations with members, there is a favorable situation in which task orientation is most appropriate. The other ex ­treme, an unfavorable situation with moderately poor relations, an unstructured task, and weak position power, also suggests task orientation by the leader, who may reduce anxiety or ambiguity that could be created by the loosely structured situation. Between the two extremes, the suggested approach emphasizes cooperation and good relations with people. To conclude, leadership is the art or process of influencing people so that they contribute willingly and enthusiastically toward group goals. Leadership requires followership. The approach to leadership, built on the assumption that leaders are the product of given situations, focuses on the study of situations. Fiedler’s contingency approach takes into account the position power of the leader, the structure of the task, and the relations between the leader and group members. This would make the followers to like, trust and follow the leader. The conclu ­sion is that there is no one best leadership style and that managers can be successful if placed in appropriate situations. References Bass, Barnard M. 1981. Stodgill’s Handbook of Leadership: A survey of theory and research, Rev. ed, New York: The Free Press. Bowers, David G. 1975. â€Å"Hierarchy, Function and the Generalizability of Leadership Prac ­tices,† in James G. Hunt and Lars L. Larson (eds.), Leadership Frontiers (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1975), pp. 167-180. Fiedler, Fred E. 1967. A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967). Indvik, Julie. 1986. â€Å"Path Goal Theory of Leadership: A Meta-Analysis,† in John A. Pearce II and Richard B. Robinson, Jr. (eds.), Academy of Management Best Papers-Proceedings, Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago (Aug. 13-16, 1986), pp. 189-192. Kirkpatrick, Shelley A. & Locke, Edwin A. 1991. â€Å"Leadership: Do Traits Matter?† Academy of Management Executive (May 1991), pp. 48-60. Miner, John B. 1982. Theories of Organizational Structure and Process, Hinsdale, Ill.: The Dryden Press, Chap.2. Yuki, Gary A. 1981.   Leadership in Organization, (Englewood Cliffs, N.]: Prentice-Hall, chap. 4.                                       

Freezing Out Profits

Freezing out profits Synopsis Freezing out profits is an article that discussing on one company which is Cold Cuts Ltd (CC). The managing director for this company is Mr. Dali. It produces Singapore’s only refrigeration parts and specializing in it. He is the one that is responsible for all the decision making that need to be done in the company. CC was essentially a subcontractor of components for customers who were original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). This company not only faced competition from supplier that supply same product, but it was also on whether the customer should manufacture in-house on their own.The company developed its own product of refrigeration process technology known as Fuzzy Frost. Their product of Fuzzy Frost was exported worldwide. Two years ago, the company had a major development related to their product. They upgrade Fuzzy Frost to become Fuzzy Frost Alpha System which will enhance features in the refrigerator. One of the enhancements is, it wi ll enable perishable items to be stored far longer than conventional fridges. At the same time on the FFA product discover, the company open its second factory in China which product old Fuzzy Frost.CC had main customer in Singapore which known as Secconz which is a local customer and long-time partner. The Supplier Manager of Secconz is Mr. Nelly where in China; the Plant Manager is Mr. Rithisak. The company export their product worldwide include Europe country. There are two major problems that were faced by the company. Firstly, the problem is in term of the pricing in Singapore, with their long-time partner, Secconz. Secondly, it is the investigation on their export activities by United States International Trade Commission on their products in China.Decision Maker / Protagonist The decision maker or protagonist for this case on ‘Freezing out profit’ is Mr. Dali. He is the one that is responsible for the decision making done in the company. This is because; he is ma naging director for Cold Cuts Ltd. He will decide what to be done and what to not be done. Based on this case study, he needs to make big decision making. Firstly is related to their major customer in Singapore, Secconz. Secondly is related to their company in China related to the anti-dumping things.Problem faced by the decision maker / protagonist. The problem faced by the decision maker or protagonist in this case is related to the pricing of the products that were sold whether in Singapore or in China. Mr. Dali need to decide whether to reduce the premium price charged to Secconz or proceed taking the huge amount of profit because they already achieve payback on its investment in the new machinery within two years. He is also faced problem related to the anti-dumping law in China. Major Issue The major issues in this case study is between Cold Cuts Ltd. nd Secconz. Secconz is their major customer in Singapore. Secconz has requesting for the price reduction of FFA product. This i s because; CC still charged the same price after 2 years even though the investment in the new machinery on FFA component has already been recover. Despite of better quality FFA components and not burden by any overhead costs, Secconz still experience the huge margin from the sales price impose to them compared to sales price in Europe and USA. The supply manager from Secconz, Mr. Nelly asked for price reduction.He said that company may produce the technology by themselves if Mr. Dali did not want to reduce the price of FFA. Second major issues are related to the anti-dumping activities by China related to their product that produces over there. It was said that CC pricing products much lower than the fair value. It leads to the investigation made by the United States International Trade Commission whether to find CC was guilty or not. The effects are they might have to close down their business in China or levy with huge anti-dumping tax.

Furniture Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Furniture Marketing - Case Study Example The owner, Martin Smith has designed a new product and is willing to launch it on 25th of March 2010. As the world is currently experiencing a recession, consideration will need to be paid to the price and dynamics of the product. This will be achieved by the marketing and strategy plan. Having experience for eight years in producing furniture, Mr. Martin has come up with the idea of producing a computer desk that can be used to study as well. What makes this product different from other computer desks in the market is the ability to adjust the size and adapt to the room size (Bennington, 2004). The product design is attractive and can be ordered in different colors. The non-adjustable part of the desk is 75cm (horizontal). There are extensions on either side of the desk that can be extended by 40cm. Its height is 72cm and the legs are metallic. Both sides of the desk have drawer space which can contain CDs, books or the PC case. The total weight will be 67.5Kg. The current UK legislation may have a negative impact due to increase in taxes. If taxes increase this increase may have to be passed down to the customer. Thus price of the product will increase. This will affect the business. Transport costs too would be affected. Because of credit crunch many students from different cultural backgrounds will be reluctant to register in universities. ... The cost of the desk is affordable to the majority Since there are some value added features in this product there is bound to be greater demand for this desk Weaknesses Since there are many similar products in the market there will be a stiff competition Since this is a new product the people would be reluctant to buy it Opportunities Since computers are used by the majority of the public at homes, offices, universities and colleges there is a greater demand for computer desks. Product placement strategy related opportunities. Company can place the product in well researched market segments like universities and colleges in London. It can make use of its manufacturing division and technical control division to enhance efficiency by reducing costs. Threats Market penetration pricing strategy adopted by rival furniture manufactures is a threat. Total Concept also has to adopt a similar strategy. The bigger rivals have a better supply chain advantage. They buy products at cheaper prices thus can afford to sell it at cheaper prices 3.2 PEST Analysis PEST Analysis is a strategic analysis method that is used to understand market growth and the business position potentials and directions. Political The current UK legislation may have a negative impact due to increase in taxes. If taxes increase this increase may have to be passed down to the customer. Thus price of the product will increase. This will affect the business. Transport costs too would be affected. Social Because of credit crunch many students from different cultural backgrounds will be reluctant to register in universities. This will have a negative effect on the

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Executive Summary - Essay Example in the business, assess the competitors and the competitive advantage, the financial plans and projections and offer a Mission /Vision Statement that determines the success of this business. For the music industry to thrive well and secure a large market segment, it must identify itself with a tumultuous and high velocity market because of the nature of its products. In order to avail music to everyone at considerate prices, one must identify the target market and the type of music required. Jazz music originated from America, and stems from the Atlantic slave trade whereby Africans were shifted into United States. The Africans had a strong passion for traditional music and thy developed their own Jazz music. They had exceptional rhythm and used various instruments that helped them create the Jazz music, for instance, piano, and violin among others (Roberts 64). In most cases, Jazz music is played I whilst drinking and dancing. Even though, most people have a desire to join Jazz music industry, there are a lot of discouragements along the way. For instance, it is pretty expensive to hire a producer or even produce and launch music. For this reason, most people end up burying their talents. This is the reason that I plan to launch a music production center in order to cater and fight with such challenges. I plan to run the Music production center with my family in order to get both financial and moral support from them. The business shall exclusively deal in production of Jazz industry, because this is the only music that does not required a lot of expertise in creating and producing. Also, the technology used is accessible at considerable amounts (Roberts 64). Within this Production center, I plan to set up a small restaurant where people will enjoy the music and delicious food. Most of the foods in the restaurant shall be Japanese traditional foods as these mints well with the Jazz music. The central aspect of the services offered will be based on the blending

Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Racism - Essay Example Patterns of racism keep transforming over time and a more universal definition of racism is "Prejudice or discrimination by one group toward others perceived as a different 'race', plus the power to enforce it." Groups of students may be almost identical physiologically, yet be divided against each other on the basis of culture, language, religion, nationality, or any combination of the above which is not an uncommon experience in schools. Teachers tend to pay more attention to "white" students in the group because subconsciously they relate "white" to etiquette, opulence and high society even though it might not always be true. Prolonged influence of racialised opinions from families and society in general results in preconceived notion which shows up as an attitudinal bias. Whatever the roots of racism may be, it tends to perpetuate itself. A group of students are defined as "lesser" and denied access to resources, then the results of such denial is used to justify defining them as "lesser." "Racism" is never shrugged off. For example, when a White Georgetown Law School student reported earlier this year that black students are not as qualified as White students, it set off a booming, national controversy about "racism." The dogma has logical consequences that are profoundly important. If blacks, for example, are equal to Whites in every way, what accounts for their poverty, criminality, and dissipation Since any theory of racial differences has been outlawed, the only possible explanation for black failure is White racism. And since blacks are markedly poor, crime-prone, and dissipated, the global society must be racked with pervasive racism because nothing else could be keeping them in such an abject state. Racialisation is not a natural concept, rather it was born and perpetuated within the society and the feeling of "color-bias" has been passing over along with genetic material over the generations ever-since. It is argued by socio-biologists and some schools of psychoanalysis that our instincts are programmed to hate those different to us by evolutionary and developmental mechanisms. As the world is turning into a global village, the inter-mixing of cultures is inevitable; hence, the population of children with a mixed ethnicity is on a rise. Racial identity becomes more a matter of concern than it was ever before and the new generation is not paranoid about accepting and even experimenting with different cultural factors like language, food, music and attire. This has been aptly demonstrated in Helen Wullff's research ( South London, 1980) on inter-racial friendships in which a group of teenage girls from different and mixed cultural backgrounds were observed for relationships and p eer acceptance and bonding. On the other hand, any scan of urban or suburban school districts and classrooms will demonstrate that students are still kept unequal along racialized lines; private conversations between teachers, administrators or students clearly demonstrate that race does still factor in to how people treat, fear and relate to each other. It is virtually impossible to fix racial inequality and improve race relations without talking

Building a supportive program for new teachers in Italy Essay

Building a supportive program for new teachers in Italy - Essay Example First group contains novice teachers in order to gain their perspective about the program, their demands and concerns. The other group would consist of mentor teachers in order to gain their perspective, developing a strategy to provide help and the best way to support beginning teachers. Also, Questionnaires will be used besides observation and note taking. Using questioners might help to supporting the findings of the case study. In Italy large number of new teachers is hired each year. Each of these new teachers is expected to assume the same responsibilities as veteran teachers on the first day of employment. With limited experience and limited support, they are expected to provide a quality educational experience for the students in their classrooms. Most schools in Italy are traditional in structure, hence each of the new teachers taught in a self-contained classroom. Novice teacher, newly experiencing the problems of teaching, are alone with their students for the majority of the day, trying to identify and satisfy the needs of several students with unique needs. This isolation limited the support and assistance that novices could gain from their more experienced colleagues and could have added to feeling of stress and anxiety. The principal, the sole administrator of the institution, had not much time available to observe the development of their newly appointed staff. Also, some administrators feel that their presence is threatening and stress provoking so they opt to allow the novice to develop on his/her own.Nowadays people are concerned with the quality of education more than ever. Why then had the supportive program for novice teachers and their concerns not been addressed? ... Educational regulations in Italy required non-tenured teachers to be observed in certain time period. Unfortunately, few received any supportive instructions in the classrooms. The principal, the sole administrator of the institution, had not much time available to observe the development of their newly appointed staff. Also, some administrators feel that their presence is threatening and stress provoking so they opt to allow the novice to develop on his/her own. Nowadays people are concerned with the quality of education more than ever. Why then had the supportive program for novice teachers and their concerns not been addressed Kilgore and Kozisek (1998) and Huling-Austin (1998) felt that educators did not view teachers' supportive program as a pressing need and are not familiar with the body of knowledge related to this area. Limited support, isolation and anxiety are realities of induction year (Fuller, 1969, 207-226). As educators, we knew that the emotional well being of a child was an important factor in their ability to learn. Did it not seem reasonable to ensure that same senses of well being to our novice teachers so that they would learn and grow into responsive and effective teachers The aim of the current paper is to outline the study of building a supportive program for novice teachers in Italy, in order to solve the problems faced by novice teachers. Problems Encountered Novice teachers, being new to the problem of teaching become isolated from the institutional environment because of the system prevailed in Italian schools. This surely limits their ability to prosper from the experience of their veteran colleagues and thereby taking lot of stress. This and lack of any supportive program throughout their earlier